The excessive net carbon dioxide emissions and the serious geo-political implications associated to fossil fuels, makes the replacement of these conventional fuels by alternative energy sources an urgent need. Biomass, as a clean renewable energy source, will certainly play an important role. Biomass presents advantages over other sustainable sources such as solar, hydro, wind and geothermal. On the one hand, biomass and the processed products can be easily stored. On the other hand, biomass is the only renewable source of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and therefore it is suitable, besides heat and power, for the production of chemicals and transportation fuels. When looking at the transportation sector, liquid fuels produced from biomass, namely biofuels, will particularly be essential in aviation, ships and truck traffic, where the energy needs to be stored very efficiently. Biofuels are often divided into so-called first, second and third generation biofuels. The former ones originate from crops whereas second generation and third generation biofuels are produced from lignocellulosic materials and algal/aquatic biomass, respectively.
The use of first generation technology has been the subject of considerable media attention and a significant part of our society is concerned about the environmental and social impacts of these types of biofuels, originating from food crops.